Welding Terms
ARC – A
sustained electric discharge, where current flows through the gap
between two
electrodes.
ARC CUTTING – Process which melts the metals to cut with the heat of
an arc between an
electrode and the base metal.
ARC
EYE – A burn on the exterior surface of the operators eye, due to its
ARC
GAP – Distance between the tips of two electrodes, normally between
ARC PLASMA – A gas that has been heated to an at least partially ionized
condition, enabling
it to conduct an electric current.
ARC
WELDING – A group of welding processes which produces coalescence of metals by heating
them with an arc, with or without the application of pressure, and with
or without the use of filler metal.
ATOMIC
HYDROGEN WELDING – An arc welding process which produces coalescence
of metals by heating them with an electric arc maintained between
electrodes in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Shielding is provided
by hydrogen.
AUTOGENOUS
WELD – A fusion weld made without the addition of filler metal.
AUTOMATIC
OXYGEN CUTTING – Cutting with an equipment without constant observation
and adjustment of the controls by an operator.
AUTOMATIC
WELDING – Welding which permits the operation without adjustment of controls by an operator.
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BACKHAND
WELDING – A welding technique in which the welding
BARE
ELECTRODE – A filler metal electrode of a single metal or alloy,
produced into a wire,
strip or bar form and without any coating or
BARE
METAL ARC WELDING – Process which produces coalescence of
metals by heating
them with an electric arc between a bare or lightly
coated metal
electrode and the work piece.
BASE
METAL – The metal to be welded, brazed, soldered or cut.
BLIND
JOINT – A joint, no portion of which is visible.
BORAX –
is the old standard flux for brazing, exists in two forms—ordinary
borax and amorphous
or fused borax.
BRAZING
– A group of welding processes that produces coalescence of materials by heating
them to the brazing temperature, using a filler metal having a
liquidus above 450°C and below the solidus of the base metal.
CARBON
ARC CUTTING – Cutting of base metals by melting them with the
heat of an arc
produced between a carbon electrode and the base metal.
CARBON
ELECTRODE – A non-filler metal electrode used in arc welding
or cutting,
consisting of a carbon or graphite rod, which may be coated
with copper or other
coatings.
CARBON
ARC WELDING – A brazing process that produces coalescence
of metals by heating
them with an electric arc produced between two
carbon electrodes.
The filler material is distributed in the joint by
capillary action.
COLD
WELDING – A solid state welding process in which pressure is
applied at room
temperature to produce coalescence of metals with
COMPOSITE
ELECTRODE – Multicomponent filler metal electrodes in various physical forms such as standard
wires, tubes and covered wire.
CONTINUOUS
WELD – A weld that extends continuously from one end
of a joint to the
other.
COVERED
ELECTRODE – An electrode consisting of a core of a bare
electrode or metal
cored electrode to which a covering, sufficient to
provide a slag layer
on the weld metal, has been applied.
COVER
PLATE (eye protection) – A removable pane of colourless glass,
plastic coated glass
or plastic that covers the filter plate and protects it
from weld spatter,
pitting or scratching when used in a helmet, hood
or goggles.
DECARBURIZING
FLAME – A flame which removes carbon from the
molten metal.
DEPOSITION
EFFICIENCY (arc welding) – Ratio of the weight of
deposited metal to
the net weight of the filler metal consumed, exclusive
of stubs i.e.,
left out electrode bits.
DEPTH
OF FUSION – Distance that fusion extends into the base metal or
previous pass from
the surface melted during welding.
DIFFUSION
WELDING – A solid state welding process that produces
coalescence of the
faying surfaces by the application of pressure at
EDGE
JOINT – A joint between the edges of two or more parallel or nearly
parallel members.
ELECTROGAS
WELDING – Arc welding in which coalescence is effected
by heating the metals
with an arc produced between a continuous
filler metal
electrode and the work. Shielding is by inert gas.
ELECTRO
SLAG WELDING – A welding process producing coalescence
of metals with molten
slag that melts the filler metal and the surfaces
EMISSIVE
ELECTRODE – A filler metal electrode consisting of a core of
a bare electrode or a
composite electrode to which a very light coating
has been applied to produce a stable
arc.
EXPLOSION
WELDING – A solid state welding process in which
coalescence is
effected by high velocity movement of the workpieces,
FACE
SHIELD (eye protection) – Device positioned in front of the eyes
and over all or a
portion of the face to protect the eyes and face.
FILLET
WELD – A weld of approximately triangular cross-section joining
two surfaces
approximately at right-angles to each other in a lap joint,
T joint or corner
joint.
FILLER
METAL – Metal to be added in making a welded, brazed or soldered
joint.
FIRE
CRACKER WELDING – Shielded metal arc welding process in which
a length of covered
electrode is placed along the joint in contact with
the workpieces.
During welding, a stationary electrode is consumed
as the arc travels
the length of the electrode.
FISH
EYE – A discontinuity found on the fracture surface of a weld in
steel.
It consists of a
small pore or inclusion surrounded by an approximately
round bright area.
FLOW
WELDING – Process which produces coalescence of metals by
heating them with
molten filler metal poured over the surfaces to be
welded until the
welding temperature is attained and until sufficient
filler metal has been
added.
FLUX
– Material used in welding to prevent, dissolve or facilitate
removal
of oxides and other
undesirable surface substances.
FLUX
CORED ARC WELDING – Process in which coalescence of metals
is effected by
heating them with an arc between a continuous filler
metal (consumable)
electrode and the work. Shielding is by the flux
FLUX
CORED ELECTRODE – A composite hollow filler metal electrode
containing within it
ingredients to provide such functions as shielding
atmosphere,
deoxidation, arc stabilization and slag formation.
FOREHAND
WELDING – A welding technique in which the welding
FORGE
WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals by heating
them in air in a
forge and by applying pressure or blows sufficient to
cause permanent
deformation at the surface.
FUSION
– Melting together of filler metal and base metal (substrate) or
of
base metal only which results in
coalescence.
FUSION
WELDING – Arc welding process that uses fusion of the base
FUSION
ZONE – Area of base metal melted as determined on the crosssection
of a weld.
GAS
METAL ARC CUTTING – Process in which metals are severed by
melting them with the
heat of an arc produced between a continuous
filler metal
electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is obtained entirely
from an externally supplied
gas.
GAS
CARBON ARC WELDING – Process which produces coalescence of
metals by heating
them with an electric arc between a carbon electrode
and the workpiece.
Shielding is effected by a gas or gas mixture.
GAS
METAL ARC WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals by heating
them with an arc between a continuous filler metal electrode and the
workpiece. Shielding is obtained by external gas supply.
GAS
REGULATOR – A device for controlling the delivery of gas at some
substantially
constant pressure.
GAS
TUNGSTEN ARC CUTTING – Process in which materials are severed
by melting them with
an arc produced by a tungsten electrode and the
workpiece. Shielding
is effected by a gas.
GAS
TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING – Process that produces coalescence
of metals by heating
them with an arc produced between a tungsten
(non-consumable)
electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is obtained
from a gas.
GAS
WELDING – Process in which heat is furnished by a flame resulting
from the combustion
of a fuel gas, such as acetylene or hydrogen with
oxygen; oxyacetylene
being capable of producing the highest
temperature flame is
the most used.
GLOBULAR
TRANSFER – Transfer of molten metal in large drops from
a consumable electrode across the arc in
arc welding.
GOUGING
– The forming of a bevel or groove by material removal.
HAND
SHIELD – A protective device, used in arc welding, for shielding
the eyes, face and
neck. A hand shield is equipped with a suitable filter
plate and is designed to be held by
hand.
HEAT
AFFECTED ZONE – The portion of the base metal that has not
been melted, but
whose mechanical properties or microstructure have
been altered by the
heat of welding, brazing, soldering or cutting.
HELMET
(eye protection) – Device designed to be worn on the head to
protect eyes, face
and neck from arc radiation, radiated heat, spatter,
or other harmful
matter expelled during arc welding.
HOT
PRESSURE WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals
with heat and
application of pressure sufficient to produce macrodeformation
of the base metal.
Vacuum or other shielding media is used.
HOTWIRE
WELDING – Arc welding process in which a filler metal wire
is resistance heated
by current flowing through the wire as it is fed
into the weld pool.
INERT
GAS – A gas which does not normally combine chemically with the
base metal or filler
metal.
INTERMITTENT
WELD – A weld in which the continuity is broken by
recurring unwelded
spaces.
JOINT
– Junction of members or the edges of members which are to be
joined or have been
joined.
JOINT
EFFICIENCY – The ratio of the strength of a joint to the strength
of the base metal
expressed in per cent.
KERF
– Width of the cut produced during a cutting process.
LAP
JOINT – A joint formed between two overlapping members in parallel
planes.
LASER
BEAM CUTTING – Process that severs materials by melting or
vaporizing them with
the heat obtained from a laser beam, with or
LASER
BEAM WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of materials
with the heat
obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent
light beam impinging
upon the joint.
LIGHTLY
COATED ELECTRODE – A filler metal electrode consisting
of a metal wire with
light coating applied subsequent to the drawing
operation, primarily
for stabilizing the arc.
MACHINE
OXYGEN CUTTING – Cutting with an equipment that
performs the
operation under the constant observation and control of
an oxygen cutting operator.
MACHINE
WELDING – Welding with an equipment which performs the
operation under the
constant observation and control of a welding
operator.
MANUAL
WELDING – Welding performed and controlled completely by
MELTING
POINT – The temperature at which a metal melts.
MELTING
RANGE – Temperature range between solidus and liquidus.
MELTING
RATE – The weight or length of electrode melted in unit time.
METAL
ARC CUTTING – Processes that sever metals by melting them with the heat of an
arc between a metal electrode and the base metal.
METAL
BATH BRAZING – is a dip process wherein the filler metal is obtained from the
molten metal bath. This is confined to joining comparatively small
work such as joints in wire.
METAL
CORED ELECTRODE – A composite filler metal electrode consisting of a metal
tube or other hollow configuration containing alloying ingredients.
METAL
ELECTRODE – A filler or non-filler metal wire or rod, either bare
or covered, used in
an arc welding or cutting.
METAL
POWDER CUTTING – An oxygen cutting process that severs metals through the
use of powder such as iron, to facilitate cutting.
NEUTRAL
FLAME – An oxyfuel gas flame in which the proportion used is neither oxidizing nor
reducing.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING – Testing of welds or metal without causing any damage to
the item being tested.
OVER
WELDING – Depositing more filler metal than required.
OXYACETYLENE
CUTTING – Process that severs metals by the chemical
reaction of oxygen
with the base metal at elevated temperatures caused by combustion of
acetylene with oxygen.
OXYACETYLENE
WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with
the flame obtained by combustion of acetylene
with oxygen.
OXY
FUEL CUTTING – A group of cutting processes used to sever metals
by means of the
chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated temperatures
produced by flames obtained from combustionof fuel gas and oxygen e.g.,
oxy hydrogen cutting, oxy natural gas cutting, oxy propane cutting.
OXY
FUEL GAS WELDING – A group of welding processes that produces
coalescence by
heating materials with an oxyfuel gas flame or flames with or without the
application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal e.g.,
oxy hydrogen welding.
OXYGEN
LANCE CUTTING – An oxygen cutting process used to sever
metals with oxygen
supplied through a consumable lance. The preheat
to start cutting is
obtained by other means.
PLASMA
ARC CUTTING – Process that severs metal by melting a localized
area with a
constricted arc and removing the molten material with
high velocity jet of
hot, ionized gas issuing from the constricted orifice.
PLASMA
ARC WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals
by heating them with
a constricted arc between an electrode and the workpiece
(transferred arc) or the electrode and the constricting nozzle (non-transferred
arc). Shielding is obtained from the hot ionized gas issuing from the
orifice which may be supplemented by an auxiliary
PLUG
WELD – A weld made in a circular hole or one member of a joint,
fusing that member to
another member.
POROSITY
– Cavity type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during
solidification.
POST
HEATING – Application of heat to an assembly after a welding,
brazing, soldering,
thermal spraying or thermal cutting.
PRE
HEATING – Application of heat to the base metal immediately before
welding, brazing,
soldering, thermal spraying and cutting.
PRESSURE
GAS WELDING – An oxyfuel gas welding which produces
coalescence
simultaneously over the entire area of faying surfaces by
heating them with gas
flames obtained from combustion of a fuel gas
with oxygen and by
the application of pressure, without the use of
filler metal.
PROTECTIVE
ATMOSPHERE – Gas or vacuum envelope surrounding
the workpieces used
to prevent or facilitate removal of oxides and
detriment surface
substances.
RANDOM
INTERMITTENT WELDS – Intermittent welds on one or
both sides of a joint
in which the weld increments are made without
regard to spacing.
PULSED
POWER WELDING – An arc welding process variation in which
the power is
cyclically programmed to pulse so that effective but short duration values of a
parameter can be utilized. Also called PULSED VOLTAGE or PULSED
CURRENT WELDING e.g., gas metal arc welding (pulsed arc),
gas tungsten arc welding (pulsed arc).
REDUCING
ATMOSPHERE – A chemically active protective atmosphere
which at elevated
temperature will reduce metal oxides to their metallic
state.
REDUCING
FLAME – A gas flame having a reducing effect owing to excess
fuel gas.
RESIDUAL
STRESS – Stress present in a member that is free to external
forces or thermal
gradients.
RESISTANCE
BRAZING – is an electric brazing process wherein the heat
is obtained by
passing an electric current through the parts being brazed.
RESISTANCE
WELDING – In this, the metal parts to be joined are heated
by their resistance
to the flow of an electric current e.g., spot welding,
seam welding.
ROLL
WELDING – A solid state welding process that produces coalescence
of metals by heating
and by applying pressure with rolls sufficient to
cause deformation at
the faying surfaces
.
.
SEAL
WELD – Any weld designed primarily to provide a specific degree of
tightness against
leakage.
SEAM
WELD – A continuous weld between or upon overlapping members,
in which coalescence
may start and occur on the faying surfaces, or may
have proceeded from
the outer surface of one member.
SEMI
AUTOMATIC ARC WELDING – Arc welding with equipment
that controls only
the filler metal feed. The advance of the welding is
manually controlled.
SEMI
BLIND JOINT – A joint in which one extremity of the joint is not
visible.
SERIES
SUBMERGED ARC WELDING – A submerged arc welding process
variation in which
electric current is established between two consumable
electrodes which meet
just above the surface of the workpieces which
are not part of the
electric circuit.
SHIELDED
CARBON ARC WELDING – A carbon arc welding process
in which shielding is
effected by the combustion of a solid material
fed into the arc or from
a blanket of flux on the workpieces or both.
SHIELDED
METAL ARC CUTTING/WELDING – Cutting or welding
effected by heating
the workpieces with an arc between a covered metal
electrode and the
workpiece. Shielding is obtained from decomposition
SHIELDING
GAS – Protective gas used to prevent atmospheric
contamination.
SHORT
CIRCUITING TRANSFER ARC WELDING – Metal transfer
in which molten metal
from a consumable electrode is deposited during
repeated short
circuits.
SHRINKAGE
VOID – A cavity type discontinuity normally formed by
shrinkage during
solidification.
SILVER
BRAZING – Brazing process that employs silver alloys. Also called
hard soldering or
silver soldering.
SLAG
INCLUSION – Non-metallic material entrapped in weld metal or
between weld metal
and base metal.
SLOT
WELD – A weld made in an elongated hole in one member of a joint
fusing that member to
another member. The hole may be open at one end.
SOLDER
– A filler metal used in soldering which has a liquidus not
exceeding
450°C.
SOLDERING
– A group of welding processes that produces coalescence of
materials by heating
them to a suitable temperature and by using a
filler metal having a
liquidus not exceeding 450°C and below the solidus
of the base metals.
SOLID
STATE WELDING – A group of welding processes that produces
coalescence at temperatures essentially
below the melting point of the
base metal being
joined, without the addition of a brazing filler metal.
Pressure mayor may
not be used.
SPATTER
– The metal particles expelled during fusion welding, that do not
SPELTER –
is common brass, the first material used to make a brazed joint
in ferrous material.
SPOT
WELD – Weld made between or upon overlapping members in which coalescence may start
and occur on the faying surfaces or may proceed
from the surface of
one member. The weld cross section (plan) is
approximately
circular.
SPRAY
TRANSFER ARC WELDING – Metal transfer in which molten
metal from a
consumable electrode is propelled axially across the arc
in small droplets.
STACK
CUTTING – Thermal cutting of stacked metal plates arranged so
that all the plates
are severed by a single cut.
STAGGERED
INTERMITTENT WELD – An intermittent weld on both
sides of a joint in
which the weld increments on one side are alternated
with respect to those
on the other side.
STRINGER
BEAD – A type of weld bead made without appreciable weaving
motion.
STUD
WELDING – A general form for the joining of a metal stud or
similar part to a
workpiece. Welding may be effected by arc, resistance,
friction or other
suitable process, with or without external gas shielding.
SUBMERGED
ARC WELDING – An arc welding process in which the arc
and molten metal are
shielded by a blanket of granular, fusible material
SURFACING
– Application by welding, brazing or thermal spraying of a
layer(s) of material
to a surface to obtain desired properties or
dimensions as opposed
to making a joint.
TACK
WELD – A weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper
alignment until final
welds are made.
THERMIT
MIXTURE – A mixture of metal oxide and finely divided
aluminium with the
addition of alloying metals as required.
THERMIT
WELDING – Welding process that produces coalescence of
metals by heating them with superheated
liquid metal from a chemical
reaction between a
metal oxide and aluminium, with or without the
T-JOINT
– A joint between two members located approximately at rightangles
TORCH
BRAZING – A brazing process in which the heat required is
furnished by a fuel
gas flame.
TWIN
CARBON ARC WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of
metals by heating
them with an electric arc between two carbon
electrodes. No
shielding is used.
UNDER
WELDING – Depositing less filler material than required.
WEAVE
BEAD – A type of weld bead made with transverse oscillation.
WELD
– A localized coalescence of metals or non-metals produced either
by
heating the materials
to the welding temperature, with or without the
application of
pressure or by the application of pressure alone and with
or without the use of
filler material.
WELDING ELECTRODE – A component of the welding circuit through
which current is
conducted and which terminates at the arc, molten conductive slag or base metal.
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