Welding Terms


ARC – A sustained electric discharge, where current flows through the gap
between two electrodes.


ARC CUTTING – Process which melts the metals to cut with the heat of
an arc between an electrode and the base metal.

ARC EYE – A burn on the exterior surface of the operators eye, due to its
exposure to an open arc. Also called FLASH EYE
.

ARC GAP – Distance between the tips of two electrodes, normally between
an electrode and the work piece. Also known as ARC LENGTH.




ARC PLASMA – A gas that has been heated to an at least partially ionized
condition, enabling it to conduct an electric current.




ARC SPOT WELD – Spot welding made by an arc welding process.





ARC WELDING – A group of welding processes which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc, with or without the application of pressure, and with or without the use of filler metal.


ATOMIC HYDROGEN WELDING – An arc welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an electric arc maintained between electrodes in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Shielding is provided by hydrogen.


AUTOGENOUS WELD – A fusion weld made without the addition of filler metal.

AUTOMATIC OXYGEN CUTTING Cutting with an equipment without constant observation and adjustment of the controls by an operator.

AUTOMATIC WELDING – Welding which permits the operation without adjustment of controls by an operator.
 

작업자가 제어 장치를 조정하지 않고 작동을 허용하는 용접.

BACKHAND WELDING – A welding technique in which the welding
torch or gun is directed opposite to the progress of welding.


BACK WELD – A weld deposited at the back of a single groove weld.


BARE ELECTRODE – A filler metal electrode of a single metal or alloy,
produced into a wire, strip or bar form and without any coating or
covering on it.


BARE METAL ARC WELDING – Process which produces coalescence of
metals by heating them with an electric arc between a bare or lightly
coated metal electrode and the work piece.

BASE METAL – The metal to be welded, brazed, soldered or cut.

BLIND JOINT – A joint, no portion of which is visible.


BORAX – is the old standard flux for brazing, exists in two forms—ordinary
borax and amorphous or fused borax.

BRAZING – A group of welding processes that produces coalescence of materials by heating them to the brazing temperature, using a filler metal having a liquidus above 450°C and below the solidus of the base metal.

BUTT JOINT – A joint between two members aligned approximately in the same plane.


CARBON ARC CUTTING – Cutting of base metals by melting them with the
heat of an arc produced between a carbon electrode and the base metal.

CARBON ELECTRODE – A non-filler metal electrode used in arc welding
or cutting, consisting of a carbon or graphite rod, which may be coated
with copper or other coatings.

CARBON ARC WELDING – A brazing process that produces coalescence
of metals by heating them with an electric arc produced between two
carbon electrodes. The filler material is distributed in the joint by
capillary action.

COLD WELDING – A solid state welding process in which pressure is
applied at room temperature to produce coalescence of metals with
substantial deformation at the weld.




COMPOSITE ELECTRODE – Multicomponent filler metal electrodes in various physical forms such as standard wires, tubes and covered wire.

CONTINUOUS WELD – A weld that extends continuously from one end
of a joint to the other.

COVERED ELECTRODE – An electrode consisting of a core of a bare
electrode or metal cored electrode to which a covering, sufficient to
provide a slag layer on the weld metal, has been applied.

COVER PLATE (eye protection) – A removable pane of colourless glass,
plastic coated glass or plastic that covers the filter plate and protects it
from weld spatter, pitting or scratching when used in a helmet, hood
or goggles.

CRATER – A depression at the termination of a weld bead.


DECARBURIZING FLAME – A flame which removes carbon from the
molten metal.

DEPOSITION EFFICIENCY (arc welding) – Ratio of the weight of
deposited metal to the net weight of the filler metal consumed, exclusive
of stubs i.e., left out electrode bits.

DEPTH OF FUSION – Distance that fusion extends into the base metal or
previous pass from the surface melted during welding.

DIFFUSION WELDING – A solid state welding process that produces
coalescence of the faying surfaces by the application of pressure at
elevated temperature.



EDGE JOINT – A joint between the edges of two or more parallel or nearly
parallel members.

ELECTROGAS WELDING – Arc welding in which coalescence is effected
by heating the metals with an arc produced between a continuous
filler metal electrode and the work. Shielding is by inert gas.

ELECTRO SLAG WELDING – A welding process producing coalescence
of metals with molten slag that melts the filler metal and the surfaces
of the workpieces. The weld pool is shielded by slag.


EMISSIVE ELECTRODE – A filler metal electrode consisting of a core of
a bare electrode or a composite electrode to which a very light coating
has been applied to produce a stable arc.

EXPLOSION WELDING – A solid state welding process in which
coalescence is effected by high velocity movement of the workpieces,
produced by a controlled detonation.




FACE SHIELD (eye protection) – Device positioned in front of the eyes
and over all or a portion of the face to protect the eyes and face.

FILLET WELD – A weld of approximately triangular cross-section joining
two surfaces approximately at right-angles to each other in a lap joint,
T joint or corner joint.

FILLER METAL – Metal to be added in making a welded, brazed or soldered
joint.

FIRE CRACKER WELDING – Shielded metal arc welding process in which
a length of covered electrode is placed along the joint in contact with
the workpieces. During welding, a stationary electrode is consumed
as the arc travels the length of the electrode.

FISH EYE – A discontinuity found on the fracture surface of a weld in steel.
It consists of a small pore or inclusion surrounded by an approximately
round bright area.

FLOW WELDING – Process which produces coalescence of metals by
heating them with molten filler metal poured over the surfaces to be
welded until the welding temperature is attained and until sufficient
filler metal has been added.

FLUX – Material used in welding to prevent, dissolve or facilitate removal
of oxides and other undesirable surface substances.

FLUX CORED ARC WELDING – Process in which coalescence of metals
is effected by heating them with an arc between a continuous filler
metal (consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is by the flux
contained within the tubular electrode.


FLUX CORED ELECTRODE – A composite hollow filler metal electrode
containing within it ingredients to provide such functions as shielding
atmosphere, deoxidation, arc stabilization and slag formation.

FOREHAND WELDING – A welding technique in which the welding
torch or gun is directed toward the progress of welding.




FORGE WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals by heating
them in air in a forge and by applying pressure or blows sufficient to
cause permanent deformation at the surface.

FUSION – Melting together of filler metal and base metal (substrate) or of
base metal only which results in coalescence.

FUSION WELDING – Arc welding process that uses fusion of the base
metal to make the weld.


FUSION ZONE – Area of base metal melted as determined on the crosssection
of a weld.

GAS METAL ARC CUTTING – Process in which metals are severed by
melting them with the heat of an arc produced between a continuous
filler metal electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is obtained entirely
from an externally supplied gas.



GAS CARBON ARC WELDING – Process which produces coalescence of
metals by heating them with an electric arc between a carbon electrode
and the workpiece. Shielding is effected by a gas or gas mixture.



GAS METAL ARC WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a continuous filler metal electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is obtained by external gas supply.



GAS REGULATOR – A device for controlling the delivery of gas at some
substantially constant pressure.



GAS TUNGSTEN ARC CUTTING – Process in which materials are severed
by melting them with an arc produced by a tungsten electrode and the
workpiece. Shielding is effected by a gas.

GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING – Process that produces coalescence
of metals by heating them with an arc produced between a tungsten
(non-consumable) electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is obtained
from a gas.



GAS WELDING – Process in which heat is furnished by a flame resulting
from the combustion of a fuel gas, such as acetylene or hydrogen with
oxygen; oxyacetylene being capable of producing the highest
temperature flame is the most used.



GLOBULAR TRANSFER – Transfer of molten metal in large drops from
a consumable electrode across the arc in arc welding.


GOUGING – The forming of a bevel or groove by material removal.

HAND SHIELD – A protective device, used in arc welding, for shielding
the eyes, face and neck. A hand shield is equipped with a suitable filter
plate and is designed to be held by hand.



HEAT AFFECTED ZONE – The portion of the base metal that has not
been melted, but whose mechanical properties or microstructure have
been altered by the heat of welding, brazing, soldering or cutting.



HELMET (eye protection) – Device designed to be worn on the head to
protect eyes, face and neck from arc radiation, radiated heat, spatter,
or other harmful matter expelled during arc welding.



HOT PRESSURE WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals
with heat and application of pressure sufficient to produce macrodeformation
of the base metal. Vacuum or other shielding media is used.

HOTWIRE WELDING – Arc welding process in which a filler metal wire
is resistance heated by current flowing through the wire as it is fed
into the weld pool.



INERT GAS – A gas which does not normally combine chemically with the
base metal or filler metal.



INTERMITTENT WELD – A weld in which the continuity is broken by
recurring unwelded spaces.

JOINT – Junction of members or the edges of members which are to be
joined or have been joined.



JOINT EFFICIENCY – The ratio of the strength of a joint to the strength
of the base metal expressed in per cent.



KERF – Width of the cut produced during a cutting process.



LAP JOINT – A joint formed between two overlapping members in parallel
planes.



LASER BEAM CUTTING – Process that severs materials by melting or
vaporizing them with the heat obtained from a laser beam, with or
without the application of gas jets to augment the removal of material.




LASER BEAM WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of materials
with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent
light beam impinging upon the joint.

LIGHTLY COATED ELECTRODE – A filler metal electrode consisting
of a metal wire with light coating applied subsequent to the drawing
operation, primarily for stabilizing the arc.

MACHINE OXYGEN CUTTING – Cutting with an equipment that
performs the operation under the constant observation and control of
an oxygen cutting operator.


MACHINE WELDING – Welding with an equipment which performs the
operation under the constant observation and control of a welding
operator.

MANUAL WELDING – Welding performed and controlled completely by
hand.




MELTING POINT – The temperature at which a metal melts.

MELTING RANGE – Temperature range between solidus and liquidus.

MELTING RATE – The weight or length of electrode melted in unit time.

METAL ARC CUTTING – Processes that sever metals by melting them with the heat of an arc between a metal electrode and the base metal.

METAL BATH BRAZING – is a dip process wherein the filler metal is obtained from the molten metal bath. This is confined to joining comparatively small work such as joints in wire.

METAL CORED ELECTRODE – A composite filler metal electrode consisting of a metal tube or other hollow configuration containing alloying ingredients.

METAL ELECTRODE – A filler or non-filler metal wire or rod, either bare
or covered, used in an arc welding or cutting.

METAL POWDER CUTTING – An oxygen cutting process that severs metals through the use of powder such as iron, to facilitate cutting.




NEUTRAL FLAME – An oxyfuel gas flame in which the proportion used is neither oxidizing nor reducing.




NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING – Testing of welds or metal without causing any damage to the item being tested.

OVER WELDING – Depositing more filler metal than required.

OXYACETYLENE CUTTING – Process that severs metals by the chemical
reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated temperatures caused by combustion of acetylene with oxygen.

OXYACETYLENE WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with the flame obtained by combustion of acetylene
with oxygen.

OXY FUEL CUTTING – A group of cutting processes used to sever metals
by means of the chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated temperatures produced by flames obtained from combustionof fuel gas and oxygen e.g., oxy hydrogen cutting, oxy natural gas cutting, oxy propane cutting.

OXY FUEL GAS WELDING – A group of welding processes that produces
coalescence by heating materials with an oxyfuel gas flame or flames with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal e.g., oxy hydrogen welding.

OXYGEN LANCE CUTTING – An oxygen cutting process used to sever
metals with oxygen supplied through a consumable lance. The preheat
to start cutting is obtained by other means.

PLASMA ARC CUTTING – Process that severs metal by melting a localized
area with a constricted arc and removing the molten material with
high velocity jet of hot, ionized gas issuing from the constricted orifice.

PLASMA ARC WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of metals
by heating them with a constricted arc between an electrode and the workpiece (transferred arc) or the electrode and the constricting nozzle (non-transferred arc). Shielding is obtained from the hot ionized gas issuing from the orifice which may be supplemented by an auxiliary
source of shielding gas.

PLUG WELD – A weld made in a circular hole or one member of a joint,
fusing that member to another member.

POROSITY – Cavity type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during
solidification.

POST HEATING – Application of heat to an assembly after a welding,
brazing, soldering, thermal spraying or thermal cutting.

PRE HEATING – Application of heat to the base metal immediately before
welding, brazing, soldering, thermal spraying and cutting.

PRESSURE GAS WELDING – An oxyfuel gas welding which produces
coalescence simultaneously over the entire area of faying surfaces by
heating them with gas flames obtained from combustion of a fuel gas
with oxygen and by the application of pressure, without the use of
filler metal.

PROTECTIVE ATMOSPHERE – Gas or vacuum envelope surrounding
the workpieces used to prevent or facilitate removal of oxides and
detriment surface substances.

RANDOM INTERMITTENT WELDS – Intermittent welds on one or
both sides of a joint in which the weld increments are made without
regard to spacing.

PULSED POWER WELDING – An arc welding process variation in which
the power is cyclically programmed to pulse so that effective but short duration values of a parameter can be utilized. Also called PULSED VOLTAGE or PULSED CURRENT WELDING e.g., gas metal arc welding (pulsed arc), gas tungsten arc welding (pulsed arc).

REDUCING ATMOSPHERE – A chemically active protective atmosphere
which at elevated temperature will reduce metal oxides to their metallic
state.

REDUCING FLAME – A gas flame having a reducing effect owing to excess
fuel gas.

RESIDUAL STRESS – Stress present in a member that is free to external
forces or thermal gradients.

RESISTANCE BRAZING – is an electric brazing process wherein the heat
is obtained by passing an electric current through the parts being brazed.

RESISTANCE WELDING – In this, the metal parts to be joined are heated
by their resistance to the flow of an electric current e.g., spot welding,
seam welding.

ROLL WELDING – A solid state welding process that produces coalescence
of metals by heating and by applying pressure with rolls sufficient to
cause deformation at the faying surfaces
.
SEAL WELD – Any weld designed primarily to provide a specific degree of
tightness against leakage.

SEAM WELD – A continuous weld between or upon overlapping members,
in which coalescence may start and occur on the faying surfaces, or may
have proceeded from the outer surface of one member.

SEMI AUTOMATIC ARC WELDING – Arc welding with equipment
that controls only the filler metal feed. The advance of the welding is
manually controlled.

SEMI BLIND JOINT – A joint in which one extremity of the joint is not
visible.

SERIES SUBMERGED ARC WELDING – A submerged arc welding process
variation in which electric current is established between two consumable
electrodes which meet just above the surface of the workpieces which
are not part of the electric circuit.

SHIELDED CARBON ARC WELDING – A carbon arc welding process
in which shielding is effected by the combustion of a solid material
fed into the arc or from a blanket of flux on the workpieces or both.

SHIELDED METAL ARC CUTTING/WELDING – Cutting or welding
effected by heating the workpieces with an arc between a covered metal
electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is obtained from decomposition
of the electrode covering.




SHIELDING GAS – Protective gas used to prevent atmospheric
contamination.

SHORT CIRCUITING TRANSFER ARC WELDING – Metal transfer
in which molten metal from a consumable electrode is deposited during
repeated short circuits.

SHRINKAGE VOID – A cavity type discontinuity normally formed by
shrinkage during solidification.

SILVER BRAZING – Brazing process that employs silver alloys. Also called
hard soldering or silver soldering.

SLAG INCLUSION – Non-metallic material entrapped in weld metal or
between weld metal and base metal.

SLOT WELD – A weld made in an elongated hole in one member of a joint
fusing that member to another member. The hole may be open at one end.

SOLDER – A filler metal used in soldering which has a liquidus not exceeding
450°C.

SOLDERING – A group of welding processes that produces coalescence of
materials by heating them to a suitable temperature and by using a
filler metal having a liquidus not exceeding 450°C and below the solidus
of the base metals.

SOLID STATE WELDING – A group of welding processes that produces
coalescence at temperatures essentially below the melting point of the
base metal being joined, without the addition of a brazing filler metal.
Pressure mayor may not be used.

SPATTER – The metal particles expelled during fusion welding, that do not
form a part of the weld.


SPELTER – is common brass, the first material used to make a brazed joint
in ferrous material.

SPOT WELD – Weld made between or upon overlapping members in which coalescence may start and occur on the faying surfaces or may proceed
from the surface of one member. The weld cross section (plan) is
approximately circular.

SPRAY TRANSFER ARC WELDING – Metal transfer in which molten
metal from a consumable electrode is propelled axially across the arc
in small droplets.

STACK CUTTING – Thermal cutting of stacked metal plates arranged so
that all the plates are severed by a single cut.

STAGGERED INTERMITTENT WELD – An intermittent weld on both
sides of a joint in which the weld increments on one side are alternated
with respect to those on the other side.

STRINGER BEAD – A type of weld bead made without appreciable weaving
motion.

STUD WELDING – A general form for the joining of a metal stud or
similar part to a workpiece. Welding may be effected by arc, resistance,
friction or other suitable process, with or without external gas shielding.

SUBMERGED ARC WELDING – An arc welding process in which the arc
and molten metal are shielded by a blanket of granular, fusible material
on the workpieces.


SURFACING – Application by welding, brazing or thermal spraying of a
layer(s) of material to a surface to obtain desired properties or
dimensions as opposed to making a joint.

TACK WELD – A weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper
alignment until final welds are made.

THERMIT MIXTURE – A mixture of metal oxide and finely divided
aluminium with the addition of alloying metals as required.



THERMIT WELDING – Welding process that produces coalescence of
metals by heating them with superheated liquid metal from a chemical
reaction between a metal oxide and aluminium, with or without the
application of pressure.





T-JOINT – A joint between two members located approximately at rightangles
to each other in the form of a T.




TORCH BRAZING – A brazing process in which the heat required is
furnished by a fuel gas flame.



TWIN CARBON ARC WELDING – Process that produces coalescence of
metals by heating them with an electric arc between two carbon
electrodes. No shielding is used.



UNDER WELDING – Depositing less filler material than required.




WEAVE BEAD – A type of weld bead made with transverse oscillation.






WELD – A localized coalescence of metals or non-metals produced either by
heating the materials to the welding temperature, with or without the
application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone and with
or without the use of filler material.





WELDING ELECTRODE – A component of the welding circuit through
which current is conducted and which terminates at the arc, molten conductive slag or base metal.




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